papilledema

causes of papilledema

edema and hyperemic of the optic disc

1. raised ICP
2. malignant hypertension
3. cavernous sinus thrombosis

Grade I papilledema is characterized by a C-shaped halo with a temporal gap

With Grade II papilledema, the halo becomes circumferential

Grade III papilledema is characterized by loss of major vessels AS THEY LEAVE the disc (arrow)

Grade IV papilledema is characterized by loss of major vessels ON THE DISC.

Grade V papilledema has the criteria of grade IV plus partial or total obscuration of all vessels of the disc.

reference: dorland dic, OHCS, eye rounds.org

abdominal pain

presenter: isya
dr Mular

52 yr old chinese gentleman was admitted on 11/7/11 at 4B

problem lists:
1)abdominal pain 3/52
3 weeks duration of progressingly worsening and fluctuating squeezing pain at the upper abdomen.
the pain disturbing patient sleep with no aggravating and relieving factor.
3 days PTA, loose stools and tenesmus
associted with LOA & LOW and progressively become lethargy.
no nausea, no vomiting, no PR bleed, no jaundice, no pale colored stool

2)low grade fever 3/52
intermittent
fever at evening and night,relieved by PCM

no hx of blood transfusion, no tatto

history of multiple sexual partners, and sexual partner with multiple sexual partner

had color vision deficit, red-green, otherwise no DM, no HPT no Asthma.

past surgical/drug/allergy-nil

past family hx: both parents die due to cx of DM and HPT.no fhx of malignancy

social hx: married with 3 children, A&W
smoke for 60 pack-year
consume alcohol for 20 yrs(2 bottle of beerx2/week)
working as mechanic with income of 2k-3k

0/E
pt well, pink orientated to TPP, no in respiratory difficulty, not complaining any pain

vital signs normal

abdominal examination:
distended epigastric and periumbilical
soft abdomen, tenderness over the epigastric, RHC,r.lumbar and RIF.
firm liver mass,6cm from costal margin, smooth surface with prominent hard nodule at the epigastric region, tender, no bruit
liver span:16cm

spleen, kidney, not palpable.

no ascites

normal bowel sound

refused for DRE

CVS, respi-normal

Differential dx:

1: 2ndary mets to the liver from gi
more common than primary
hx of loa,low
liver mass

2. primary liver ca
loa, low
liver mets
risk for hepatitis

3.pyogenic liver abscess
tender liver mass.

4.hemangioma of the liver

5. benign liver tumor

6. liver cyst

ix:

blood ix:
1. fbc tro inflammation/infection
2. LFT
3. CEA
4. AFP

imaging
1.abdominal u/s
2. CT scan

diagnosis
1. liver mets fr GI malignancy
2. diverticulis

hemolytic anemia: schistocytes; spherocytosis; bite cells; blister cells

Hemolysis may be either intravascular or extravascular.

In intravascular hemolysis RBCs lyse in the circulation releasing hemoglobin into the plasma. Causes include mechanical trauma, complement fixation, and other toxic damage to the RBC. The fragmented RBCs are called schistocytes.



In extravascular hemolysis RBCs are phagocytized by macrophages in the spleen and liver. Causes include RBC membrane abnormalities such as bound immunoglobulin, or physical abnormalities restricting RBC deformability that prevent egress from the spleen. Extravascular hemolysis is characterized by spherocytes.Spherocytes are small, spherical red blood cells (RBC). Spherocytes are approximately two-thirds the diameter of normal RBC.¹ In comparison to normal erythrocytes, they have a decreased surface area to volume ratio. They are more densely hemoglobinized and lack a zone of central pallor.

Intravascular hemolysis releases hemoglobin which is immediately bound by haptoglobin.

Hemoglobin-haptoglobin is cleared almost immediately from the plasma by hepatic reticuloendothelial cells.

As intravascular hemolysis with binding to haptoglobin generally overwhelms the rate of haptoglobin synthesis, haptoglobin levels decrease.

After haptoglobin is saturated, excess hemoglobin is filtered in the kidney and reabsorbed in the proximal tubules where the iron is recovered and converted into ferritin or hemosiderin.

Hemoglobinuria indicates severe intravascular hemolysis overwhelming the absorptive capacity of the renal tubular cells.

Urine hemosiderin is another indicator that intravascular free hemoglobin is being filtered by the kidneys.

Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is greatly elevated in patients with intravascular hemolysis.

Note: Haptoglobin, synthesized by the liver, is decreased in patients with hepatocelIular disease.

	Intravascular	Extravascular
Peripheral smear	schistocytes	spherocytes
Haptoglobin	decrease/absent	mild decrease
Urine hemosiderin	++	negative
Urine hemoglobin	++	negative
Direct DAT	usually negative	++++
LDH	increase	increase

Bite cells are present in G6PD deficiency



blister cells in G6PD deficiency

surgery year 4 end of posting exam part 1

today is the last day of my fourth year exam.. and i want to share the case that i got..

hope we learn something from this post.

Long case

63 year old Malay male presented with 1 day history of diarrhoea and vomiting.

he is asthmatic since 15 years ago otherwise was previously well.

he had diarrhoea, about 20-25 on that day, watery and yellowish in color, no blood or mucus, associated with abdominal pain.

he had the vomiting after the episodes of diarrhoea, post-meal vomiting with gastric content,no blood about 20 times PTA. he become lethargic and drowsy and was brought by his family member to ED.

associated symptoms, fever,palpitation and SOB on that day, LOA and LOW(3-4kg) for 1 months duration.

there is history of eating outside but no other family member had similar problem.

also had voiding symptoms(LUTS)

otherwise, denied any change in bowel habit, no PR bleed.

no DM/hpt/ptb. he take t.ventolin for the asthma and controlled

had been admitted previously for 6 days in HS after had SOB- treated as asthma and dengue fever.

no allergy

no family hx of malignancy or inflammatory bowel disease.

he was an ex-chronic smoker (42 yrs X 20) stop about 1 year ago.

o/e:

well/not complain in pain/very cooperative

conscious alert to TPP, thin, hydration status good

dry and scally skin over elbow and below, ankle and below, face extended to the neck.

not pale or jaundice

had white patch on the tongue but pt claim it was painless.

no palpable cervical, supraclavicular LNs. no pitting edema.

abdominal examination

the abdomen was not distended and move freely with respiration.

there was a stoma bag at the left iliac fossa with solid stool, no mucus/blood/pus

the was an midline incision measuring 8cm from below extending up to hypochondriac region.

there was also 2 scar at the anterior axillary line, likely to be scar for the drainage of the peritoneum( at the right iliac fossa) and from the chest tube(at the safe area for the chest tube insertion)

the abdomen was soft, non tender, no mass palpable.

no hepatosplenomegaly, the kidney was not ballotable.

posterior abdomen

no abnormality

i'm no able to auscultate as the doctor came earlier, the doctor suppose to come by 9.50 but she was there at at 9.30.

i was not able to do auscultation, do the PR and polish my history as well as  the pe. and the most important,to think about the differential diagnosis, investigation and management that i was suppose to prepare before the examiner come.

so i just blurt out during the exam..

the discussions were:

1. what is your differential diagnosis?

2. how to investigate for your diagnosis?

3. if there is mass at recto-sigmoid junction found during colonoscopy, how you will proceed?

4. what is the type of the benign lesion - polyp - type of polyp?

5. if the lesion is dysplasia, how do you manage the patient?

6. what is the complication of the surgery?

7. how to prevent DVT

8. how do you stage colorectal ca.

if will post the proper answer in the next entry ;) just give yourself a break to think about the question

p/s: this is a very common case we are going to encounter in surgical posting.. goodluck.

testing ;)

lalala

BOLA2 API

owh i HATE it...hate u...

semuanya helah blake...smpai ati awak berdrama ngan saya...

xsuke la KONON..xamik tahu la konon...elo...awak ingat saya budak tadika ke?? budak tadika pun pandai tahu...

nasib bk kawan 3 tahun da tahu..kalo kahwin...hem..xtahu la..

ni mungkin hikmahnya Allahh tak bagi kahwin lg..kalo x memang merana la saya..

andai masa boleh di undur..haishh....istighfar..semuanya qada dan qadar...

hem..hati lebih tenang...harap hati lebih kuat...

selamat menjalani kehidupan yg lebih baik...moga jadi insan yang berguna..

amin

Research: day 1

ha2...time mesyuarat jd pemerhati

time survey umah...mandi hujan...;)

tp alhamdulillah...bjaya jugak kira bilangan umah siap lukis map sendiri lg...;)

n part yg paling best..on da way pg d'palma hotel..smpat bli nasi kerabu ngn burung puyuh...syiok!!!